Between Commitments and Compliance: Human Rights Dynamics in North Macedonia’s EU Accession Process

Authors

  • Aleksandar Spasenovski Full Professor, Department of Constitutional Law, Iustinianus Primus Faculty of Law, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9731-4265

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55073/2026.1.265-291

Keywords:

North Macedonia, human rights, rule of law, fundamental rights, European integration

Abstract

This paper comprehensively analyses human rights issues and judicial reform efforts in North Macedonia within the context of its negotiations for European Union (EU) accession. Focusing on Chapters 23 and 24 of the EU Acquis package, the paper examines the country's progress in judicial independence, fundamental rights protection, combatting organised crime and terrorism, and migration and asylum policies.

In analysing progress and challenges, the paper highlights achievements in legislative reforms, improvements in the judiciary and successes in combatting organised crime while also addressing remaining issues such as political interference in the judiciary, human rights concerns and institutional gaps.

The conclusion synthesises key findings, assesses North Macedonia's progress towards EU accession, and outlines the future outlook and potential impacts of continued reforms. Emphasising the importance of sustained commitment to European values and principles, the paper underscores the transformative potential of North Macedonia's European journey and the collective pursuit of a future anchored in democracy, prosperity and unity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Academy for Judges and Public Prosecutors (no date) ‘Professional Development Programs’ [Online]. Available at: https://jpacademy.gov.mk/en/ (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Ager, E. (2019) ‘Securing Our Borders against Traveling Terrorists: Challenges, Best Practices, and Recommendations’, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, January [Online]. Available at: https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/perspectives/securing-our-borders-against-traveling-terrorists-challenges-best-practices-and-recommendations-0 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Amnesty International (2021) ‘Annual Report: North Macedonia 2021’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/western-central-and-south-eastern-europe/north-macedonia/report-north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Amnesty International (2024) ‘Human Rights in North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/western-central-and-south-eastern-europe/north-macedonia/report-north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Balkan Civil Society Development Network (2024) ‘North Macedonia: Rule of Law in View of EU Accession’ [Online]. Available at: https://balkancsd.net/novo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/17-3-BCSDN-E-mail-Alerts-no.-527.pdf (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Congressional Research Service (2013) ‘Organized Crime: An Evolving Challenge for U.S. Law Enforcement’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R41547/R41547.6.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Council of Europe – European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) (2024) ‘Report on North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/1680af95e2 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Council of Europe (no date) ‘European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice CEPEJ-STAT’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cepej (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Eurojust (no date) ‘Western Balkans Criminal Justice’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/western-balkans-criminal-justice (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2018) ‘EU Enlargement Strategy’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/614736/EPRS_ATA(2018)614736_EN.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2021a) ‘North Macedonia 2021 Report’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-10/North-Macedonia-Report-2021.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2021b) ‘Visa liberalisation: Commission reports on continued fulfilment of requirements by Western Balkans and Eastern Partnership countries’, 4 August [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/visa-liberalisation-commission-reports-continued-fulfilment-requirements-western-balkans-and-eastern-2021-08-04_en (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2022) ‘North Macedonia 2022 Report’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/North%20Macedonia%20Report%202022.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2022b) ‘Border management: EU signs agreement with North Macedonia’, 26 October [Online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_6417 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2023a) ‘North Macedonia 2023 Report’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_693%20North%20Macedonia%20report.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2023b) ‘2023 Rule of Law Report’ [Online]. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/upholding-rule-law/rule-law/annual-rule-law-cycle/2023-rule-law-report_en (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (2025) ‘Communication on EU Enlargement Policy’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/2025-communication-eu-enlargement-policy_en (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

European Commission (nda) ‘EU Accession Process - Chapter 23: Judiciary and Fundamental Rights’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/policy-highlights/rule-law_en (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

European Commission (ndb) ‘EU Accession Process - Chapter 24: Justice, Freedom, and Security’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/policy-highlights/rule-law_en (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

European Commission (ndc) ‘North Macedonia - Financial Assistance under IPA’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/funding-technical-assistance/overview-instrument-pre-accession-assistance/north-macedonia-financial-assistance-under-ipa_en (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

European Commission (ndd) ‘Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition’ [Online]. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/law/cross-border-cases/judicial-cooperation/types-judicial-cooperation/mutual-legal-assistance-and-extradition_en (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Commission (nde) ‘North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/countries/north-macedonia_en (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Council (2005) ‘Conclusions of the European Council, 15-16 December 2005’ [Online]. Available at: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15914-2005-REV-1/en/pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Council (2022) ‘Council Conclusions on Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process’ [Online]. Available at: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15935-2022-COR-1/en/pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Judicial Network (no date) ‘North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.ejn-crimjust.europa.eu/ejn2021/ContentDetail/EL/5/36 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2020) ‘Observer Status of North Macedonia in the Fundamental Rights Agency’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2020/fundamental-rights-report-2020 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2021) ‘Networking and Knowledge Sharing in FRA’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2021/fundamental-rights-report-2021 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2022) ‘Fundamental Rights Expertise and Resources’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/fundamental-rights-report-2022 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2023) ‘Asylum and Migration: Progress Achieved and Remaining Challenges’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2023-asylum-migration-progress-challenges_en.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (nda) ‘Capacity Building Programs’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/hu/promising-practice-type/capacity-building (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (ndb) ‘Policy Influence and Advocacy’ [Online]. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

European Western Balkans (2023) ‘Key Findings of the 2023 European Commission Report on North Macedonia’, 8 November [Online]. Available at: https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2023/11/08/key-findings-of-the-2023-european-commission-report-on-north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Europol (2009) ‘Republic of North Macedonia: Agreement on Operational and Strategic Co-operation’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/agreement_on_operational_and_strategic_co-operation_between_the_former_Yugoslav_republic_of_macedonia_and_the_european_police_office.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Freedom House (2021) ‘Nations in Transit 2021: North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/NIT_2021_final_042321.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

Government of North Macedonia (2021) ‘Anti-Corruption Strategy 2021-2025’ [Online]. Available at: https://dksk.mk/en/national-strategy-for-prevention-of-corruption-and-conflict-of-interest-2021-2025/ (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

GRECO (Group of States against Corruption) (2023) ‘Fourth Evaluation Round Report on North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/fourth-evaluation-round-corruption-prevention-in-respect-of-members-of/1680aec93a (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Greenstein, M. (2019) ‘Promoting the Independence, Integrity, and Impartiality of the Judiciary’, American Bar Association, 19 December [Online]. Available at: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/judicial/resources/judges-journal/archive/promoting-independence-integrity-impartiality-judiciary/ (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

International Organization for Migration (2022) Migration in North Macedonia: A Country Profile 2021. Geneva: IOM.

INTERPOL (2023a) ‘Europe: Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime Increasing by an Order of Magnitude’, 8 May [Online]. Available at: https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2023/Europe-Drug-trafficking-organized-crime-increasing-by-an-order-of-magnitude (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

INTERPOL (2023b) ‘Greater Strategic Alignment Key to Facing Europe’s Crime Threats’, 10 May [Online]. Available at: https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2023/Greater-strategic-alignment-key-to-facing-Europe-s-crime-threats (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Kingham, T. (2023) ‘Frontex launches joint operation in North Macedonia’, Border Security Report – The journal of border security and transnational crime, 2 May 2023 [Online]. Available at: https://www.border-security-report.com/frontex-launches-joint-operation-in-north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 20 May 2024).

Lawson-Remer, T. (2013) ‘Human Rights and Access to Legal Representation’, Council on Foreign Relations, 29 April [Online]. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/articles/human-rights-and-access-legal-representation (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Ministry of Interior, North Macedonia (no date) ‘Annual Report on Organized Crime and Terrorism’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.osac.gov/Country/NorthMacedonia/Content/Detail/Report/839631e1-83bc-41ae-9279-1c3d350404dc (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Møller, L., Stöver, H., Jürgens, R., Gatherer, A., Nikogosian, H. (2007) Health in prisons: a WHO guide to the essentials in prison health. Regional Office for Europe: World Health Organization [Online]. Available at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107829 (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Najchevska, M., Gaber-Damjanovska, N., Naumovska, B., Imeri, L. (2020) Analysis of the Current Position of the Academy for Judges and Prosecutors within the System and Its Role for Training the Judicial Staff. OSCE [Online]. Available at: https://skopje.osce.org/sites/default/files/f/documents/b/b/455470.PDF (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

National Democratic Institute (no date) ‘North Macedonia: Citizens Concerned with Crime, Corruption, and Economy’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Corruption%20Poll%20NDI%20MK%20December%202021%20Public.pptx.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

National Whistleblower Center (2023) ‘2023 Annual Report’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.whistleblowers.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/NWC-2023-Annual-Report-4-compressed.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

MIA (2023) ‘Netherlands puts on hold a project related to Judicial Council’ [Online]. Available at: https://new.mia.mk/index.php/en/story/netherlands-puts-on-hold-a-project-related-to-judicial-council%C2%A0 (Accessed: 1 April 2024).

OECD (2016) ‘Public Sector Whistleblower Protection in Practice: To Disclose, or Not to Disclose’ in Committing to Effective Whistleblower Protection. Paris: OECD Publishing, pp. 77–92 [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264252639-en (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

OECD (2020) ‘Oversight’ in OECD Public Integrity Handbook. Paris: OECD Publishing; pp. 193–209 [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/ac8ed8e8-en (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (1990) ‘Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-treatment-prisoners (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Organized Crime Index (no date) ‘Criminality in North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://ocindex.net/country/north_macedonia (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

OSCE Mission to Skopje (no date) ‘Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism’ [Online]. Available at: https://tntd.osce.org/secretariat/107807 (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Popovikj, M. (2021) ‘Why the EU and North Macedonia Should Not Rush Reforms’, Clingendael Spectator, 24 February [Online]. Available at: https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/why-eu-and-north-macedonia-should-not-rush-reforms (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Prespa Agreement (2018) ‘Final Agreement for the Settlement of the Differences as Described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the Termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership between the Parties’ [Online]. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/No%20Volume/55707/Part/I-55707-0800000280544ac1.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Republic of Macedonia (no date) ‘European Commission reports on North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://mep.gov.mk/en-GB/eu-integracii/izvestai-na-evropskata-komisija (Accessed: 1 May 2025)

Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative (no date) ‘Macedonia: Anti-Corruption Institutional Framework’ [Online]. Available at: https://rai-see.org/learning-hub/mapping-anti-corruption-in-see/north-macedonia/others-macedonia-anti-corruption-institutional-framework/ (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

SchengenVisaInfo (2022) ‘Frontex to Help North Macedonia to Strengthen Border Controls & Prevent Illegal Migration’, 27 September [Online]. Available at: https://schengenvisainfo.com/news/frontex-to-help-north-macedonia-to-strengthen-border-controls-prevent-illegal-migration/ (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

State Commission for the Prevention of Corruption (no date) ‘About SPCP’ [Online]. Available at: https://dksk.mk/en/ (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Steinbach, M. (2016) ‘ISIL Online: Countering Terrorist Radicalization and Recruitment on the Internet and Social Media’, FBI, 6 July [Online]. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches-and-testimony/isil-online-countering-terrorist-radicalization-and-recruitment-on-the-internet-and-social-media- (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

The European Union’s Cross-Border Cooperation Programme (no date) ‘Republic of North Macedonia – Republic of Albania’ [Online]. Available at: https://ipacbc-mk-al.eu/ (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Transparency International (nda) ‘Corruption Perceptions Index: North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025 (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Transparency International (ndb) ‘Enforcement of Judicial Codes of Conduct’ [Online]. Available at: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/helpdesk/enforcement-of-judicial-codes-of-conduct (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Transparency International (ndc) ‘Judiciary and Law Enforcement’ [Online]. Available at: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/topics/judiciary-law-enforcement-parent-label (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

U.S. Department of State (2022) ‘Country Reports on Terrorism 2022: North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2022/north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

United Nations (1984) ‘Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

United Nations Network on Migration (2023) ‘Strengthening Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Agencies' Capacity to Coordinate and Exchange Information to Investigate and Prosecute Human Trafficking and the Smuggling of Migrants’, 6 July [Online]. Available at: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/resources/strengthening-law-enforcement-and-criminal-justice-agencies-capacity-coordinate-and (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

UNHCR (1951) The 1951 Refugee Convention [Online]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/1951-refugee-convention (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

UNHCR (nda) ‘Asylum Procedure, Rights, and Obligations’ [Online]. Available at: https://help.unhcr.org/northmacedonia/asylum-procedure-in-north-macedonia/ (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

UNHCR (ndb) ‘Help for refugees, asylum-seekers, and stateless persons’ [Online]. Available at: https://help.unhcr.org/northmacedonia/ (Accessed: 1 May 2025).

UNODC (2021) ‘UNODC and North Macedonia seal cooperation on enhanced border control in South Eastern Europe’, 21 January [Online]. Available at: https://northmacedonia.un.org/en/109392-unodc-and-north-macedonia-seal-cooperation-enhanced-border-control-south-eastern-europe (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

UNODC (2022) ‘UNODC and OSCE Joint Support to North Macedonia in Counter-Terrorism Financing Investigations’, 13 May [Online]. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/southeasterneurope/en/all-stories-may-unodc-and-osce-joint-support-to-north-macedonia-in-counter-terrorism-financing-investigations.html (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

UNODC (no date) ‘Enhanced Cooperation in North Macedonia to Tackle Illicit Firearms Following Landmark Legal Reforms’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/firearms-protocol/news/2023/Nov/enhanced-cooperation-in-north-macedonia-to-tackle-illicit-firearms-following-landmark-legal-reforms.html (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

U.S. Department of Justice (2022) ‘North Macedonia: ICITAP Partners with DEA and EUCOM to Deliver Advanced Cross-Border Financial Investigations Training’ 21 January [Online]. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/archives/criminal/criminal-icitap/blog/north-macedonia-icitap-partners-dea-and-eucom-deliver-advanced-cross-border (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

U.S. Department of State (2022) ‘Joint Statement on the U.S. – North Macedonia Strategic Dialogue’ 2 June 2022 [Online]. Available at: https://2021-2025.state.gov/joint-statement-on-the-u-s-north-macedonia-strategic-dialogue/ (Accessed: 1 May 2024).

Western Balkans Investment Framework (2024) ‘Technical Assistance Grants - North Macedonia’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.wbif.eu/beneficiaries/north-macedonia (Accessed: 1 April 2025).

Williams, P., Toffler, A., Toffler, H. (1997) ‘Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security’, in Arquilla, J., Ronfeldt, D. (eds.) Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age. 1st ed. Santa Monica-Washington: RAND Corporation, 1997, pp. 315-338. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mr880osd-rc.19.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-13

How to Cite

Spasenovski, A. (2026). Between Commitments and Compliance: Human Rights Dynamics in North Macedonia’s EU Accession Process. Law, Identity and Values, 6(1), 265–291. https://doi.org/10.55073/2026.1.265-291

Issue

Section

Articles