Refugee Protection in Poland After 2022: Between Humanitarian Response and Legal Obligation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55073/2026.1.139-164Keywords:
refugees, temporary protection, human rights, Ukrainian asylum seekers, humanitarian crisis, Polish-Belarusian borderAbstract
The Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 triggered a humanitarian crisis, leading to significant changes in the refugee protection system in Poland and Ukraine’s other neighbouring countries. This study investigates the emergence of alternative refugee protection mechanisms in Poland, focusing on the differential treatment of various groups seeking protection. By analysing legal frameworks, policies and the socio-political context, this study highlights the complexities and challenges faced by different groups of refugees and Polish authorities.
These findings reveal a sharp contrast to Poland’s approach. Ukrainian refugees have received substantial support, including legalised residency and access to public services, reflecting a positive and supportive attitude. In contrast, asylum seekers at the Belarusian border have encountered restrictive measures such as pushback and limited access to asylum procedures, raising concerns about consistency in humanitarian responses.
Poland’s actions also aligned with broader European trends. The EU Migration Pact and related policies emphasise border security, risking the erosion of international protection such as the Geneva Convention. Poland’s recent legislative changes, including the suspension of asylum rights, further challenge these norms.
This study concludes that while Poland has shown flexibility and responsiveness in humanitarian support, particularly for Ukrainians, adhering to impartial humanitarian principles and international standards remains a significant challenge amid ongoing crises and geopolitical tensions. These contrasting responses emphasise the need for equitable and principled approaches for all displaced individuals, regardless of their country of origin.
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